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Vol. 25, Art. 23 (pp. 422-446)    |    2024       

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The role of retinal imaging in neurodegenerative diseases. Part 1. Alzheimer's disease

Kolesnikova E.T.1, Tultseva S.N.2

1 Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education «Izhevsk State Medical Academy» of the Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation. Russia, Udmurt Republic, Izhevsk, Kommunarov street, 281
2 Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “Academician I.P. Pavlov First St. Petersburg State Medical University” of the Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation. Russia, 197022,
Saint-Petersburg, Lva Tolstogo street, 6-8

Brief summary

The literature review is devoted to Alzheimer's disease, one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases. It is known that diagnosis and treatment in the early stage of Alzheimer's disease can potentially improve the prognosis of the disease by preventing or slowing down the processes of neurodegeneration. It is especially important to search for new non-invasive and affordable biomarkers for early diagnosis and assessment of the progression of this disease. The retina and the brain share a common embryonic origin and are similar in anatomical structure. It can be assumed that it is the retina, which is well accessible for visualization, that can be the object of screening for Alzheimer's disease. This explains the attention that has been paid in recent years to optical coherence tomography, which is actively used in ophthalmology. This technique is accessible, non-contact and non-invasive, which means it can be used to fix the earliest changes in nervous tissue. Lifetime studies of the nerve fibers of the retina and optic nerve seem to be the most promising. The article provides an overview of the currently available global data on the use of optical coherence tomography and optical coherence tomography with angiography to search for and evaluate patterns of fundus changes typical for Alzheimer's disease. Using optical coherence tomography, were discovered and described primary intraretinal amyloid deposits. These deposits were mainly found in the peripheral parts of the upper quadrants of the retina as well as in the perivasal area. Methods of lifetime detection of amyloid plaques in patients with Alzheimer's disease are very interesting and promising, but require further study. The main measurements assess the thickness of the retinal nerve fiber layer in the peripapillary and macular regions, as well as in individual retinal quadrants. Additionally, the thickness of the macular ganglion cell layer and the thickness of the ganglion cell complex were evaluated. In most studies, a significant decrease in the parameters of the nerve fiber layer and ganglion cell complex was found in patients with Alzheimer's disease, including early stages of the disease. Further research and standardization of the data obtained are required for screening and early diagnosis, as well as assessment of the dynamics of the course of Alzheimer's disease.


Key words

Alzheimer's disease; neurodegeneration, optical coherence tomography

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